MMRCA - FX Indiano

[Penguin]

AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS FROM RUNWAYS WITH INCLINED RAMPS (SKI-JUMP) by Elijah W. Turner
Fonte: http://www.f-16.net/index.php?name=PNph ... ight=nalls

http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA237265

This effort was begun in 1982 to investigate the use of inclined ramps (Ski-Jumps) to launch aircraft from short runways as a possible solution to the runway denial problem in Europe. In 1983, Ski-Jump was briefed to the Airbase Survivability Steering Group and "Phase 1 - Analytical Study" was authorized. This report covers work done from January 1982 through July 1986.

ABSTRACT
The use of inclined ramps to launch aircraft from short runways is proposed as a possible solution to the runway denial problem in Europe. Past efforts to launch aircraft in this manner, including a very successful program conducted by the US Navy to launch the T-2C, F-14, and F-18 aircraft, are reviewed.

An analytical study was conducted for the launch of the F-16, F-15, A-10, A-7D and F-4E from inclined ramps. The takeoff ground roll, stabilizer trim setting, landing gear loads and flight trajectory are reported. The F-15 was selected as a candidate aircraft for a USAF flight test program to be patterned after the Navy program and additional studies were performed. Perturbations in center of gravity, thrust, and ramp exit angle were investigated.

A ramp contour was designed for launch of the F-15, F-16, A-7D and A-10 which minimized the length and height of the ramp while maintaining the landing gear loads below 90 percent of their design limit.

BACKGROUND
1.1 Runway Denial Problem
It has been recognized that the bombing of airbases in Europe could effectively close them to fighter operations for several days. Photographs of airbases that were bombed during the Pakastani war indicate that undamaged segments of the runway will not be large enough for conventional fighter aircraft to takeoff or land. Fighter aircraft require an undamaged strip 50 feet wide and from 2000 to 5000 feet long, depending on the aircraft. The probability that a 5000 foot strip will remain undamaged after an attack is near zero. However, the probability that a 1000 foot strip of undamaged pavement can be located somewhere on the airfield is near a certainty. Therefore, a method of launching aircraft with a ground roll under 1000 feet is a possible solution to the runway denial problem.

The operational concept is to have a moderate number of ramps distributed about the airbase at the ends of taxiways and runways. The number should be large enough so that there is a high probability that several will survive. A post attack damage survey would identify the usable ramps and paths for each aircraft to reach the closest usable ramp. A counter attack could be launched as soon as unexploded ordinance and other debris is cleared from the ramps and selected taxiways.

The ramps could also be used to evacuate an air base in a short period of time in the event of an impending attack. The ramps would provide additional launch sites, many of which would be located closer to the aircraft storage area than the operational runway. This would allow a large number of aircraft to be launched in a short period of time. It would also avoid the vulnerability to attack associated with queuing a large number of aircraft on one or two runways.

Ski-Jump Launch
The use of inclined ramps for launching aircraft has been recognized for some time. A NACA report in 1952 proposed the use of an inclined ramp on aircraft carrier decks to improve the takeoff performance of aircraft (Ref. 1). The ramp proposed in the 1952 report had a radius of curvature of 50 feet and a rise of 1.73 feet. Whereas fighter aircraft launched from a flat deck normally sink as much as 9 feet below the deck, analysis indicated that the addition of a ramp would eliminate the altitude loss.

In 1974 a British Commander wrote his masters thesis on launching the Harrier aircraft from inclined ramps (Ref. 2). This report started an effort that resulted in launch test of the Harrier from enclined ramps in 1977.

About the same time, the US Navy was considering a smaller class of aircraft carriers that would not use steam catapults to launch aircraft. This program generated an analytical effort in 1979 followed by a flight test program to launch the T2C, F-14, and F-18 aircraft from inclined ramps. A metal ramp was constructed that could be modified to give ramp exit angles of 3, 6, and 9 degrees. The ramp was 112.1 feet long and 8.58 feet high at the exit when configured for the 9 degree exit angle, measured from the horizontal. A total of 112 launches of the T-2C, 28 of the F-14, and 91 of the F/A-18 were made. The minimum ground roll for the F/A-18 was 385 feet at a gross weight of 32,800 lbs. This ramp effectively reduced the takeoff roll of the F-18 by more than 50 percent.

Flight Dynamics Directorate Effort
Knowledge of the Navy success in ski-jump launch prompted the Flight Dynamics Directorate to propose the same method of launch for ground based aircraft as a possible solution to the runway denial problem in Europe. Studies were performed to estimate the ski-jump performance of a number of Air Force aircraft.

CONCLUSIONS
1. The F-16 and F-15 are candidate aircraft for ski-jump launch of Air Force aircraft. Reductions in the ground roll of more than 50 percent can be expected.

3. A ski-jump ramp with a 9 degree exit angle, contoured so that the F-16, F-15, and A-7D aircraft at combat gross weights can be launched without exceeding 90 percent of design limit landing-gear loads, will be approximately 180 feet long and 14.4 feet high at the exit.

[lynx]

Aí está. Obrigado aos amigos que levantaram a informação completa.
Catapultas, hoje, só são desenvolvidas pelos EUA. Quem não quiser ficar na mão deles, a solução está aí.

[Pepê Rezende]

Pepe,

Você escreveu mas não leu, eu estava falando de teste de mini trampolim. Isso NUNCA ACONTECEU.

Eu disse que a estensão funcionou como um mini trampolim. Não afirmei que INSTALARAM um mini trampolim.

[Justin Case]

Amigos, boa noite.

Notícia do indiano THE ECONOMIC TIMES

http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/art ... ?prtpage=1

9 FACTORS THAT MAY HAVE HELPED DASSAULT SELL ITS RAFALE FIGHTER THIS WEEK
5 Feb, 2012, 12.58AM IST, Bennett Voyles,

Many global arms industry observers were surprised this week when the Indian Air Force announced that it had chosen French firm Dassault Aviation as its preferred bidder for a roughly $11-billion deal to supply India with 126 jet fighters. After all, despite 12 years of heavy sales bombardments all over the world that sometimes even included the president, only the French air force has ever actually bought the Rafale.
The deal isn't done yet - the French have just won the right to an exclusive negotiation - but it is close enough that shares in Dassault shot up by 20% the day of the announcement.
So how did Dassault finally pull it off? And not just any deal, but what some say is the biggest cross-border military aviation contract of all time? Of course, the Indian government said it went to the low bidder, but that seems unlikely - particularly since the final price hasn't been set, and no one picks up jet planes just because they're on sale.
THE DEAL
French firm Dassault won $11 billion contract to supply 126 Rafale jets.
Snapped it up with lower bid against Eurofighter Typhoon aircraft.
The size of the contract could eventually go up to 200 aircraft.
THE AIRCRAFT
Rafale is a twin-engined, delta-wing jet Can fly up to 2,130 km per hour in high altitude.
In service for the French Air Force since 2006.
Has been playing air support roles in Afghan war Part of Nato campaign in Libya in 2011.
THE COMPANY
Dassault family is the majority owner. EADS, a co-producer of competing Typhoon, owns 46% of the equity.
The company has delivered 7,500 civil & military aircraft to 75 countries.
Dassault came close to selling aircraft to Brazil and Switzerland, but failed to secure a contract as yet.
UAE was reportedly in final negotiations to buy 60 Rafale in June 2010, but drama unfolded when Eurofighter Typhoon was allowed to submit a counter-offer.
French defence minister gave an ultimatum that Rafale production would be halted if the jets could be sold abroad.
AND THE SNAG
The file containing the offset proposals of contenders went missing in December 2010. Later found on the roadside in south Delhi. The episode threatened to derail the tendering process itself.
OTHERS IN THE RACE
Six contenders were subjected to extensive field evaluation trials.
Four aircraft eliminated last year on technical grounds were American Lockheed Martin's F-16 and Boeing's F/A-18, Russian United Aircraft Corporation's MiG-35 and Swedish SAAB's Gripen
With billions on the table, and the national security at stake, the French plane must have edged out the multi-national Eurofighter for a number of reasons. NINE POSSIBILITIES:
A BETTER LUNCH
Of course, nobody makes an important decision for the food, but the prospect of hanging out in Bordeaux, home of the Dassault assembly line, instead of Halbergmoos, Germany, couldn't have hurt. On the one hand, you're in the heart of the French wine country, in a rich and sunny part of France. On the other, you're in cold, grey Bavaria, facing a few years of sausages, sauerkraut, and beer served in mugs the size of small aquariums.
DASSAULT WAS HUNGRY
Dassault has failed to sell the Rafale abroad since 2000. Although its Mirage planes were popular in the 1970s, Dassault hasn't had a similar success with the Rafale line. Deals with the United Arab Emirates, Morocco and Brazil all fell through.
To top it off, President Nicolas Sarkozy is very unpopular and faces an uphill election campaign. After all the economic troubles under his tenure, bringing home a little jambon would be seen as a positive - particularly as France has reportedly sunk more than $50 billion on the Rafale's development, a lot of money for a country that spends around $60 billion a year on defence.
Despite the fact that chairman and chief executive officer Serge Dassault is a member of Sarkozy's political party, owns the leading French conservative newspaper (Le Figaro) and even serves as a French senator (where he is vice-finance chairman), the government had recently announced plans to cease production in 2021 if outside buyers could not be found.
BECAUSE I'M WORTH IT
L'Oreal, the French cosmetics company, made a fortune selling its more-expensive home hair dye with ads that showed some sultry blonde saying she'd chosen L'Oreal, "because I'm worth it". Now that India has become a much wealthier country, it can afford the best for its pilots - and Rafale is arguably the best.
"They kind of went for the 'fun to fly' factor rather than the best value factor," says S Amer Latif, a visiting fellow in US-India policy studies at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) in Washington, DC.
"If you ask me which plane is better, I'd answer Rafale is a more mature and already multi-role plane," says David Cenicotti, an Italian military aviation blogger. "The Eurofighter is a younger technology, believed to be cheaper and to have a more political clout because it is built by four European countries."
However, this can also be a flaw in times when financial crisis has seen the same four countries much distant from one another on the strategy to save eurozone.
DASSAULT IS SMART
Although the Eurofighter Typhoon and the Rafale began as more or less the same aircraft, Dassault pulled out of the design consortium in 1985, and in recent years the Rafale has made some technical gains. First, the Rafale has a more advanced radar system than the Eurofighter Typhoon. Unlike the Typhoon, it's also already possible to configure to landing on an aircraft carrier - an adjustment that can be difficult, according to James Hardy, Asia-Pacific editor of Jane's Defence Weekly.
The company has also had a tradition of being on the cutting edge. A 1973 profile of Dassault described the company as viewing sales differently than American aircraft companies: "Whereas most American aircraft companies commonly look on development as an unavoidable and not particularly attractive prelude to production, Dassault seems to view production as a buffer work assignment to fill capacity not absorbed by development."
DASSAULT IS NOT AMERICAN
American arms deals tend to come with strings attached - inspections, and possibly spare parts embargos if they don't approve of the uses to which a plane is put - as happened after India's nuclear tests in the 1990s. Buy American and you get the American agenda free.
"The US sells weapons under quite strict conditions - how to use them and where to use them," says Siemon Wezeman, senior researcher at the Stockholm International Research Institute. The US also requires buyers to submit to regular inspections, he says, which some countries find humiliating.
The French, on the other hand, tend to be more laissez-faire and more independent of the major powers - in their own way, not unlike the Indians. "The whole idea that the French are sometimes very independent vis-a-vis some of the big countries, may give them an added advantage," Wezeman adds.
OR BRITISH AND GERMAN AND SPANISH AND ITALIAN
An important part of the deal is the transfer of the technology to India. The Eurofighter is a joint product, which runs off four different production lines. This could have led to a lot of complexity down the line, particularly as the agreement calls for setting up a production line and transferring the technology to India. "It seems to me that the Eurofighter's technical transfer might have been a bit more complicated than the French," says Latif of CSIS.
FRANCE MAKES ALL THE PARTS
Even as most arms makers, including American manufacturers, have tried to cut costs and boost political consensus by creating global supply chains, France still tries to maintain an independent military industrial base. That makes things more expensive for the French taxpayer, but the Indian Air Force may see this as an advantage: rather than worry about maintaining relations with a group of countries, almost all the parts for the Rafale are sourced within France, simplifying the logistics, according to Wezeman.
THE ARAB SPRING SPRANG THE RAFALE INTO THE NEWS
To most of us, war is a horrible tragedy. To arms dealers, it's a great sales tool. Muammar Ghaddafi was a big fan of the Rafale, and even expressed interest in purchasing a number of them in 2007. Although he later changed his mind - a decision he may have regretted last spring - the one time fan inadvertently helped sell them: French Rafale fighters provided key support for Libyan rebels and reportedly performed very well.
BEAUTY IS IN THE WALLET OF THE BEHOLDER
In the late 1980s, Dassault was involved with a helicopter procurement scandal in Belgium that ended in the conviction of the minister of defence, the chairman of the Socialist Party and a number of other Belgian politicians and government officials, and 18 months' probation for CEO Serge Dassault.
However, it should be noted that at the time, Dassault was not actually breaking French law - bribing French officials was illegal but bribing foreign officials was fair game: until 2000, foreign bribery expenses were even tax deductible.
More recently, Dassault seems to have continued to have problems with his cash targeting system. In 2008, he won reelection of mayor (it's possible to hold several offices simultaneously in France) in Evry, a town south of Paris, but in 2009, the State Council invalidated results on allegations that he paid some voters for their support.
So far, no official allegations have been made about the Rafale contract, outside an outlandish claim last April by Subramanian Swamy, Janata Party leader, that a kind of criminal Italian sorority had engineered the deal, comprised Carla Bruni, the half-Italian first lady of France, and Sonia Gandhi, the head of the National Advisory Council, and Mrs Gandhi's sisters.
Whether a few fat envelopes closed the deal or not, one analyst says suspicion of corruption could still unravel the contract. "I think the biggest risk is when somebody starts shouting corruption even if there isn't anything, because it has to be investigated," Wezeman says.

Abraços e bom domingo,

Justin

[Carlos Mathias]

American arms deals tend to come with strings attached - inspections, and possibly spare parts embargos if they don't approve of the uses to which a plane is put - as happened after India's nuclear tests in the 1990s. Buy American and you get the American agenda free.

Até as lesmas do meu jardim sabem disso.

[Boss]

Tem gente que tá pior que as suas lesmas...

[Luís Henrique]

Olha a resposta Paquistanesa ao MMRCA:



Bem que a FAB poderia comprar este ai.
Com a grana do FX2 acho que dava pra comprar uns 100.

[Justin Case]

Amigos,

Ainda sobre as razões da vitória do Rafale na Índia:

http://www.marianne2.fr/blogsecretdefen ... _a514.html

Inde : le Rafale était 15 à 20% moins cher que l'Eurofighter



Selon nos informations, le prix proposé par le GIE Rafale (Dassault, Thales, Snecma) pour 126 avions de combat était inférieur de 15 à 20% au prix proposé par son concurrent, l'Eurofighter Typhoon, proposé par le Royaume-Uni, l'Allemagne, l'Italie et l'Espagne.

Le prix - à la fois coût d'acquisition et d'utilisation - est donc bien l'une des principales raisons du choix indien d'ouvrir des négocations exclusives avec la France.
...

Abraços,

Justin

[P44]

India Chooses Rafale: What Do You Think?


India chooses Rafale: Good decision? (Poll Closed)
YES! Sign the damn deal quick. 86.53% (2,172 votes)

NO! Abort! Abort! 13.47% (338 votes)


Total Votes: 2,510
http://livefist.blogspot.com/2012/02/in ... ision.html

[DSA]

Os gastos em defesa Indianos são obscenos!!

Enquando isso meio País morre de fome e é dependente do PAM (programa alimentar mundial) da Nações Unidas!
Ainda tem gente aí com inveja da India!!
O Brasil ainda não tem FX2 mas não morre de fome, meus amigos!!!
pensem nisso!!

[Petry]

Vai ver eles tem medo da China, e não a algumas décadas atrás já se enfrentaram.

[Carlos Mathias]

Eu continuo com inveja de como os indianos resolvem seus problemas de Defesa.

[suntsé]

Os gastos em defesa Indianos são obscenos!!

Enquando isso meio País morre de fome e é dependente do PAM (programa alimentar mundial) da Nações Unidas!
Ainda tem gente aí com inveja da India!!
O Brasil ainda não tem FX2 mas não morre de fome, meus amigos!!!
pensem nisso!!

Quando se tem um rival poderoso como a China que inclusive tomou territórios da India a Força, e um Rival como a Paquistão que ja travou 3 guerras com eles e outros vizinhos problematicos....não há como não se preocupar com defesa.

Eles tentam concoliar defesa e o Social. Caso contrário teriam que entregar o país interio aos inimigos, o que custaria muito mais caro.

Deve se levar em consideração, que o país tem mais de um bilhão de almas para sustentar (por isso comparar o Brasil com a India chega a ser ridiculo), mesmo que eles abandonasem a defesa não seriam capases de resolver este problema e ainda poderia amplia-los caso fossem percebidos como fracos por rivais poderosos.

O Orçamento de defesa da India é pouco maior que o Orçamento de defesa do Brasil, a diferença é que eles gastam melhor o dinheiro deles gerando tecnologia e fortacelendo o país, enquanto aqui gastamos uma verba astronomica de defesa com pensionistas e beneficios.

[P44]

IAF Fighter Deal: Rafale Much Cheaper Than Typhoon; Govt Rules Out Review


(Source: Times of India; published Feb 10, 2012)



NEW DELHI --- It was the "substantially higher cost" of acquiring and operating the Eurofighter Typhoon that led to its ejection from the almost $20 billion MMRCA (medium multi-role combat aircraft) project to supply 126 fighters to IAF.

"The French Rafale jet, the eventual winner, beat the Typhoon hollow both in terms of life cycle costs and direct acquisition costs. The entire MMRCA project cost would have gone up by around Rs 25,000 crore if Typhoon had been selected over Rafale," a top defence ministry source said on Thursday.

Given all this, MoD has ruled out the possibility of "any comeback" by Typhoon despite carping by the four nations (UK, Germany, Spain and Italy) backing it, and will begin "exclusive and extensive negotiations" with Rafale-manufacturer Dassault Aviation next week. "The actual contract for the complex project should be ready for inking by September-October," said a source.

British PM David Cameron may have vowed to "encourage" India to reconsider its decision to go in for Rafale, instead of the EADS-manufactured Typhoon, in the largest "open-tender" military aviation deal going around the globe. But that is highly unlikely to happen.

"The fact is that the cost deferential between Typhoon and Rafale was very high... it would cost India around 22% to 25% more if the former had been selected. No government can agree to so much extra," the source said.

Both Rafale and Typhoon had been found "compliant" on all the 643-660 technical parameters laid down to meet specific operational requirements of India, after gruelling field trials by IAF test pilots spread over two years.

The other four jets -- the American F/A-18 'Super Hornet' and F-16 'Super Viper', the Russian MiG-35 and Swedish Gripen - were weeded out from the hotly-contested race last year since they did not meet all the "test points".

"We went by the book, first in the extensive technical evaluation and now in the meticulous commercial evaluation, without any external factors coming into play," said the source.

For one, the "life cycle cost" of operating the Typhoon over a 40-year period, with 6,000 hours of flying, was found to be "higher" than Rafale after extensive calculations of flight costs, spares, maintenance and the like. "The life cycle costs were actually the tool to determine who was L-1 (lowest bidder)," he said.

For another, the difference in the 'direct acquisition cost', which will actually be used to ink the contract, was even bigger. "The Typhoon's commercial bid was way too high. Rafale was the clear L-1 in both life cycle as well as direct acquisition costs," he added.

Dassault will now have to submit a detailed project report on the transfer of technology (ToT) to Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd (HAL). While the first 18 jets will come in "fly-away condition'' from France from mid-2015 onwards, the rest 108 fighters will subsequently be manufactured under licence by HAL over six years.

"We will negotiate each and every element in the complex project with the French. Payments, as also the 50% offsets specified in the contract, will be spread over 11 to 13 years," he said.

The first jet built in HAL is expected to roll out by 2017-2018. Thereafter, HAL will deliver six jets per year, which will go up to 20 per year later. "HAL will achieve 85% technology absorption by the end. Incidentally, Typhoon's cost of ToT was also very high," he said.

This "mother" of all defence deals will later become the "granny", as reported by TOI earlier, since India will in all probability go in for another 63 fighters after the first 126 jets.

IAF is looking at these 126 new jets, apart from the ongoing progressive induction of 272 Sukhoi-30MKIs contracted from Russia for around $12 billion, to stem its fast-eroding combat edge against Pakistan and China. IAF has already identified Ambala and Jodhpur airbases in the western sector, followed by Hashimara in the eastern sector, to house the first MMRCA squadrons.

India is now finalizing details of the stealth Indo-Russian FGFA (fifth-generation fighter aircraft) to be built in the coming decades. IAF hopes to begin inducting the first lot of the 250 to 300 FGFA from 2020 onwards, which rough calculations show will eventually cost India around $35 billion.

-ends-

http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articl ... -week.html

[Carlos Lima]

20 a 25% a mais...

Não é a toa que o Typhoon nem chegou perto do Short-list Tupiniquin...

[]s
CB_Lima